Sine Wave: This is the purest waveform, contains only the fundamental frequency. Energy is evenly distributed and very “clean” sounding. It repeats every 360 degrees. It is common in natural vibrations. Square Wave:Very abrupt transitions between high and low. Contains odd harmonics, decreasing in amplitude. Sounds bright, buzzy, and hallow compared to sine. It is common in digital signals, clocks, and some synthesizers. Sawtooth Wave: Contains both even and odd harmonics. harmonic energy decreases linearly (amplitude inversely proportional to harmonic number). Sounds very bright and harsh, rich in overtones. it is common in brass instruments synthesis aggressive synth sounds. Triangle Wave: Contains only odd harmonics, like a square wave. Higher harmonics decay much faster. Sounds softer and smoother than a square wave, but not as pure as sine. Often used where a “rounder” sound than a square wave is needed.