Tag Archives: Civil Rights

The Stones Cry Out

                The Stones Will Cry Out

 In the excitement over the election, perhaps you missed this little news story. It was on Page 9 of the November 8, 2012, New York Times: “Anti-Obama Protest at Ole Miss Turns Unruly.” Early Wednesday morning, a crowd of 400 people – fueled by social media – formed outside the student union building. They chanted racial slurs, yelled profanity, and lit Obama campaign signs on fire. They probably sang “Dixie,” as well. Two people were arrested for disorderly conduct.

                This nasty little bit of business probably wouldn’t have drawn much more than a paragraph had it not been at the University of Mississippi, the site of so much segregation-fueled hatred in the 1950s and ‘60s during the Civil Rights Movement.

                To be fair, Ole Miss has tried to redeem its past in recent years. The Times reported that the school solemnly marked the 50th anniversary of desegregation in September, changed its mascot from a Confederate soldier to a black bear, and even dropped “Dixie” as its fight song. Ole Miss students elected their first black homecoming queen this year. And, in the riot’s aftermath, black and white students have since walked across the campus together, holding candles and singing, in public opposition to the sentiments expressed that night.

                As one white student said, “What happened last night was really disappointing. We do have a history of racial issues, but this is not at all what our school or most students stand for.”

                It was at the University of Mississippi, you may remember, where Air Force veteran James Meredith registered in September 1962, forcing a horrific, sometimes violent, response by thousands of students and outside agitators. President John F. Kennedy eventually called in 31,000 federal troops to force Ole Miss to abide by the law of the land. But Meredith’s couple of years on the campus were living hell.

                The sad, sick little riot at Ole Miss the other night reminded me of a story told me by English contemporary Christian artist Adrian Snell. You must understand that to be a CCM artist in the U.K. means that you must really, really be called to what you do, because there is none of the Christian music infrastructure there. It’s a tiny audience and Snell and the other CCM artists essentially live hand-to-mouth – and keep their day jobs. Not surprisingly, Adrian is a clear-eyed realist. He’s not a mystic, not a dreamer, not a romantic. He writes songs about his faith and is occasionally allowed to sing them before small audiences that may or may not give him a love offering. He’s also very talented.

                Adrian was invited to perform at a church in Germany. Church members promised to provide his transportation costs, room and board, and take up a love offering. He agreed. A lovely older German couple picked him up at the airport on the appropriate evening and drove him to his destination – a town in the Black Forest. The couple spoke passable English and they had an uneventful trip until …

                … until they entered the Black Forest.

                The closer they came to their destination, the more difficulty Adrian had in speaking. He told me he felt as if he were in a small, pitch-black closet – and that the walls were closing in. There was an unspeakable sensation, he recalled, of oppression.

                When they finally arrived at the church, a nice crowd was waiting. Adrian took his guitar, stumbled to the stage, and discovered that he could not sing. He tried several times. Nothing happened. The sense of oppression was too great.

Finally, his hosts led him off stage. The German husband turned to his wife and said, “Well, it has happened again.”

Adrian managed to blurt out, “What has happened again!?”

“Sometimes when we bring singers here, they find they can’t sing, just as it has happened to you.”

“Why?” Adrian cried.

“We believe it is because the church is on the grounds of a Nazi concentration camp where many, many innocent people were murdered. You are apparently sensitive to this.”

Adrian said he spent the night at the couple’s home and they took him to the airport the following day.

In Luke 19:40 (NIV), Jesus tells His disciples, “I tell you, if they keep quiet, the stones will cry out.”

Mary once had a similar experience. It happened when I was co-writing the book Madman in Waco with Brad Bailey. Shortly after the fire at the Branch Davidian compound that killed so many people, Mary and I drove out to the site. It was dusk. The feds had taken the fences down and we walked towards to the ashes of the barrack-like buildings. We were alone that evening. Suddenly, Mary was overcome with grief and a feeling of oppression and we had to leave immediately. I’m not as perceptive or intuitive as Mary, but even I felt … something that night.

The stones will cry out …

Perhaps you’ve had a moment like that, a moment where something otherworldly or supernatural or spiritual has washed over you.

Perhaps it was even a good feeling. I had that once – and only once – while visiting the little village of Eyam in the north of England. On the path towards the village of Hathersage one evening, I felt for the one time in my life a sense of being … home. I even broke down in tears. I’ve never had that sensation since.

As you may know, I have been immersed in the intersection of the Civil Rights Movement and black sacred music in recent years. Consequently, I have been to many of the places in the South where blood was shed – Birmingham and Memphis, in particular. Perhaps the stones still cry out there as well, just as they do in the Black Forest and at Ole Miss.

If nothing else, the stupid little riot at the University of Mississippi reminds us that as a people we still have a long way to go when it comes to race in this country. As a number of commentators have pointed out, you only have to over-lay a map of the Confederacy with a map of the states that voted against President Obama …

The Civil Rights Movement is an on-going movement, whether we think it is old history or not. Ole Miss reminds how far will still have to go.

 

The Melancholia of Completion. Maybe.

“Writing is easy: All you do is sit staring at a blank sheet of paper until drops of blood form on your forehead.” — Gene Fowler (credited, but I think the quote is older still)

I have (virtually) finished my book. Six-seven years in the making, I’m (virtually) finished with Nothing But Love in God’s Water: The Influence of Black Sacred Music on the Civil Rights Movement, Volume 1. Oh, there is still the odd nit to pick. And, once I send it to the publisher (Penn State University Press), there will likely be lots of email flurries between my computer and their editors. It ended up at 83,000 words, for those of you who are interested in such things. More than a thousand footnotes. And only one or two snarky comments.

That means I am free to resume blogging, which I’ve missed. Once I started the actual writing, I put almost all of my other writing aside. Thanks to Gardner Campbell, I’d found blogging to be a helpful tool, emotionally and creatively.

As those of you who have written books, dissertations, theses, screenplays, songs, symphonies, and very, very long letters home may know, it is a curious feeling to complete something this large, something that has been a this big of a part of your life for such a long time. I’ve moved (twice!), kids have gotten married, dictatorships have (hopefully) fallen, Baylor’s athletic programs have flourished, my knees have failed me. The feeling of finishing is not really sadness, it’s not really relief. It’s just … curious. As Robert Haas once said: “It’s hell writing and it’s hell not writing. The only tolerable state is having just written.”

I’m not so sure about that. The research (for the most part) was exciting. The writing (for the most part) was exhilarating. The rewriting (for the most part) was rewarding. The finishing? Slightly melancholy.

It’s not so much that Volume 2 is left to do, either. I haven’t discussed a deadline with Penn State. (For you blessed few who have NOT heard me rattle on about the book, Volume 1 covers the use of black sacred music as a form of protest from the American Civil War through the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Volume 2 will cover from the earliest Sit-Ins and Freedom Rides through Albany, Birmingham, Selma, Chicago and Memphis through the Poor People’s March and Resurrection City. At least it will if I live that long.) For me, the act of completion the last couple of days has been something akin to … melancholy. It is bittersweet. I’m not sad or blue, just … reflective.

Part of that may be due to devoting so much of my life to a single topic, even something as far-reaching and complex as this one. You wonder, at least I do, did I miss something along the way? What did I give up over the many weeknights, weekends, and supposed vacations I worked? Yesterday, I heard Harry Chapin’s “Cats in the Cradle” on the radio and all but broke into tears. How many times did I tell the kids “No, I’ve got to work. You go on and play.”? Once is probably too much. Sorry guys.

But what has kept me from completely wallowing in morose introspection has been my unshakeable belief that this topic matters. The longer I got involved in the interviews and research, the more convinced I became that this vast, far-reaching subject is worthy of continued study. I suppose every writer, fiction or non-fiction, thinks the same way, ultimately.

But here’s why I believe that a better understanding of the Civil Rights Movement is important today: It’s an on-going process. WAY too many people in this country of all races and creeds, of all genders and ages, still do not enjoy the full fruits of democracy. Too many poor people, too many people with differing ideas about sexuality, too many people with various physical, mental and emotional challenges do not share equally in the guarantees built into our Constitution. And when one person is denied their civil rights, we all suffer…

Is the study of the power and influence of African-American sacred music of the past 150 years still relevant? I really, really think so.

Perhaps you saw this little story, tucked away in the margins of most news sources. An African-American couple – male and female, for those of you who care about such things – sought to get married in a Baptist church in Mississippi. The congregation denied them that privilege. Even the Tea Party Republican governor was appalled: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/03/mississippi-governor-wedding-ban-unfortunate

Alas, this just as easily could have happened (and probably has, we just don’t know about it) in Texas or Alabama or Illinois. This topic will never go away. In a nation that was founded with a significant portion of the population considered to be inferior, this problem is likely to always be with us, in one form or another. It’s like racism (and the other –isms) are in our national DNA somehow.

So, I’ll take a little break. I’ll wait for the edits from the Penn State University Press editor. I’ll begin to leisurely organize yet again the mountains of research I’ve accumulated for Volume 2. I’ll vow to spend more time with Mary and the kids and grandkids and friends and family. I’ll read more. I’ll email you.

And I’ll out-wait this odd little feeling of … (virtual) completion.

Marian Anderson and Civil Rights

Marian Anderson in Washington D.C.

My research into the influence of black sacred music on the Civil Rights Movement continues. In addition to Paul Robeson and Jules Bledsoe, I’ve been reading about the brilliant African American opera singer Marian Anderson, who overcome racism and sexism by the sheer force of her talent and gentle spirit. She’s probably best known today when her manager’s attempt to have her sing in Washington D.C.’s Constitution Hall in 1939 was blocked by the folks who ran the Hall, the Daughters of the American Revolution (the DAR). Eleanor Roosevelt and others withdrew their membership and a fierce debate ensued… the DAR simply wouldn’t budge. They would not allow blacks to sing in the Hall, even though it belongs to all Americans.

However, while all of this is going on, Anderson is purposefully NOT being made aware of the brouhaha. She’s on a grueling concert tour, one that will take her, for the first time, into the Segregated South.

At last, with the help of the White House, a massive outdoor Easter concert is arranged at the Lincoln Memorial, one that 75,000 will hear in person and millions more on the radio.

Anderson’s manager wires her the good news. So, where IS Marian Anderson at that very moment? She is …

… wait for it …

… in a hotel in Waco, Texas, following at concert in the city.

Jules Bledsoe and Civil Rights

Jules Bledsoe in Harlem
Jules Bledsoe in Harlem

If you know the name Jules Bledsoe at all, you probably know him as the African American baritone who originated the song “Old Man River” from the original production of the legendary musical Show Boat on Broadway. Bledsoe was a popular singer in pre-World War II America, despite the ferocious racism of his day. He was the first black man to appear in a national production of a grand opera. He was in great demand abroad, singing with the major opera companies and symphony orchestras of Europe. He was a composer. He even acted in a couple of pretty bad movies.

But for my research into the influence of black sacred music on the Civil Rights Movement, I’m most interested in Bledsoe as a crusader. I’ve found that he performed numerous benefits for the NAACP, spoke out against racism while appearing on many national national radio shows (often with Eleanor Roosevelt), and once defended his counterpart, Paul Robeson, from those who were slandering him.

Bledsoe, who never married, died in 1943.

And, oh yeah, he was born in Waco, Texas and spent his first 18 years here. He’s buried in Greenwood Cemetery in East Waco, with a tombstone that says, “Old Man River.”

P.S. One last note on Jules. During the height of his popularity, in November, 1933, Billie Holiday made her first record as vocalist for Benny Goodman’s studio orchestra doing the popular song “Your Mother’s Son-In-Law”, written by Nichols and Holiner for Lew Leslie’s Blackbirds of 1934. In the song, there is a reference to Jules — “You don’t have to sing like Bledsoe. You can tell the world I said so.”

The Spirituals and the Labor Movement

W.C. Handy, the so-called “Father of the Blues,” once said on a radio broadcast that he was always inspired by the spirituals and that the spirituals did more for the slave’s emacipation than all of the guns of the Civil War.

I’ve spent the past few years examining the influence of the spirituals, Freedom Songs, gospel songs, R&B songs, and the hymns of Isaac Watts on the Civil Rights Movement. And people like Rep. John Lewis (D-Ga) have echoed Handy’s words as they relate to another fight, 100 years later.

So it shouldn’t have surprised me to discover that the spirituals were used by African Americans in the labor movements of the 1920s and ’30s as well, when the Federal government used American soldiers to slaughter strikers and corporations controlled entire blocs of states, not just their representatives.

This research path has taken me to “New Masses,” “The Labor Defender” and other feisty newspapers and magazines from that era. And in an article on the lynchings in the U.S. in 1933, there is an account of what black Share Croppers Delegation at the Farmers Second National Conference sang that year, to the tune of the spiritual, “We Shall Not Be Moved:”

“We fight against the terror/We shall not be moved/We fight against terror/We shall not be moved/Just like at tree that’s planted by water/We shall not be moved.”

Which brings me to my favorite James Taylor song, “Millworker,” written for a musical version of Studs Terkel’s “Working” project. Few songs move me as powerfully as this:

Now my grandfather was a sailor
He blew in off the water
My father was a farmer
And I, his only daughter
Took up with a no good mill-working man
From Massachusetts
Who dies from too much whiskey
And leaves me these three faces to feed

Millwork ain’t easy
Millwork ain’t hard
Millwork it ain’t nothing
But an awful boring job
I’m waiting for a daydream
To take me through the morning
And put me in my coffee break
Where I can have a sandwich
And remember

Then its me and my machine
For the rest of the morning
For the rest of the afternoon
And the rest of my life

Now my mind begins to wander
To the days back on the farm
I can see my father smiling at me
Swinging on his arm
I can hear my granddads stories
Of the storms out on lake eerie
Where vessels and cargos and fortunes
And sailors lives were lost

Yes, but its my life has been wasted
And I have been the fool
To let this manufacturer
Use my body for a tool
I can ride home in the evening
Staring at my hands
Swearing by my sorrow that a young girl
Ought to stand a better chance

So may I work the mills just as long as I am able
And never meet the man whose name is on the label

It be me and my machine
For the rest of the morning
And the rest of the afternoon
Gone for the rest of my life

This helped me in my research …

“The Black Church maintains a clear prophetic tradition as part of a priestly function throughout its history. ” — William B. McClain

“Our songs and our prayers, our music and our meditations, our liturgical stance and our new theology must present the prophetic face of divine anger born of dignity and determination, undergirded by the Holy Spirit, to bring the sword in pursuit of the positive peace without which no man can experience salvation.” — Jefferson P. Rogers

I’m not always sure where “Nothing But Love in God’s Water: The Influence of Black Sacred Music on Civil Rights Movement” is going … but words like these make me think I’m at least searching for the right path.

God’s economy

Now in my third year of systematically reading the literature of the Civil Rights Movement, I’m down to the lesser known diaries, smaller incidents, obscure documents, and half-forgotten tales of local heroes — and even local villains. It is rarely less than fascinating. I’m making lots of connections … which, I suppose, is the point of information gathering and story-telling.

Probably most people already knew that the roots of both the women’s rights movement and anti-war movement are to be found in the turbulence created by the civil rights movement. Not that both didn’t exist independently before — they did — but they gathered impetus and power and (sometimes just as importantly) media savvy from the mistakes and successes of the civil rights movement.

Reflecting Mona’s post on women, I’m convinced yet again that all movements concerned with justice never really end…

Which brings me to something that bothers me about the otherwise generally wonderful students here at Baylor, something that I think reveals a deeper, unresolved societal issue. My students insist on calling women professors “Miz.” Sometimes “Miss” and sometimes “Mrs.” — but usually “Miz.” Nearly every female professor I know has a Ph.D., and yet the default address is “Miz.”

Not so for their male colleagues. I’m invariably “Doctor Darden.” I don’t have a Ph.D. Men are “Doctor,” women are “Miz.”

One of my colleages thinks it has to do with the fact that virtually all of their elementary, junior high and high school teachers were female (save for the coaches, who are usually male and therefore “Coach So-and-So”).

That may be true. But somewhere, perhaps this is a Southern thing, I don’t know, students are subtly pressured to make this kind of distinction. It’s darn near automatic. It’s a respect thing … and we, as male educators, need to do a LOT more to reinforce this simple courtesy   — female professors deserve to be called “DOCTOR.” Students — call your female professors “DOCTOR” until specifically told otherwise.

Now, don’t get me started on the glaring lack of female administrators at Baylor (and too many other colleges in the South) …

Nothing But Love in God’s Water

My past few years have been consumed with research on another book (currently titled “Nothing But Love in God’s Water: The Influence of Black Sacred Music on the Civil Rights Movement”). I’m not sure yet, but it may be my final non-fiction book. Twenty-five books is enough any idiot.

I don’t know when I’ll be finished. But then, I never really know on each new book. All of my spare time — weekends, nights, “vacations” — have been spent, for the most part, in pursuit of knowledge related to this project. I’ve read literally hundreds of books and magazine and newspaper articles. I’ve so far interviewed more than 60 gospel artists, Freedom Riders, pastors, announcers, marchers from the height of the Civil Rights era. Mary and I have traveled to Birmingham (twice) and Chicago for research and in-person interviews, and we have more travels yet ahead.

We’ve made a lot of new friends. I’ve also come to have a new appreciation for some new heroes: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., of course, but also the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, Dorothy Love Coates, and Rep. John Lewis (who graciously agreed to an interview).

I’ve also immersed myself in the heroes of the past — W.E.B. DuBois, Paul Robeson, Nina Simone and so many others. I want to talk about DuBois in particular in the days ahead.

New friends, old friends who come alive, friends we haven’t yet met. “Nothing But Love in God’s Water” has already been invaluable to me, regardless if the book sells modestly or not at all.