“The Forgotten Cure” Blog
Towards the beginning of the century, little to no knowledge was recorded of the presence of bacteriophage within the vast biosphere of our world. The exciting world of bacteriophages was brought about when Felix d’Herelle. D’Herelle developed a love for microbiology at a young age, but his decision to delve into field work when he noticed that he remained calm when he witnessed multiple people dying from yellow fever. He never received higher education in the sciences but he was self-taught. Due to his lack of education, he went straight into fieldwork. While working at the Pasteur Institute, he discovered bacteriophages on accident. He was observing locusts when he noticed clear spots on the cloudy background. His curiosity led him to have a desire to further study the strange event but he was unable to begin. His understanding of the strange spots began when he was ordered to analyze samples from the troops to detect any new form of the virulent infection. It was during this time that he observed that the strange spots appeared again; therefore, he was unable to claim these results were insignificant. One patient that entered the hospital in the Pasteur Institute was monitored for their progress through her illness and also through her recovery to locate the clear spots from her stool. Using different methods such as filtration and plates, he observed that the plate contained only dysentery bacteria after several days. After this observation, he was definite that a particle smaller than bacteria existed. After publishing his first paper, he faced a lot of controversy such as numerous explanations to reason that no such thing exists. The controversies behind phages continued into the early 1940s, but that did not prevent d’Herelle from visioning the potential behind bacteriophages against diseases in living organisms. Through numerous experiments on those who are sick, he received successful results from the insertion of bacteriophages within those who were infected with virulent diseases. After several years of moving around to promote the usage of bacteriophages as a weapon against virulent diseases, d’Herelle received an invitation from Georgi Eliava to establish a center in Tbilisi. Eliava entered d’Herelle’s life at a low point in his life. They both shared many things in common such as their passion for phages. However, they also had some differences. Eliava was relaxed and charming while d’Herelle was sharp and businesslike. The differences did not prevent them from becoming lifelong friends. As they were getting ready to open the bacteriophage institute in Tbilisi, Stalin gained control over the government which hindered their development of the center. Because of the growing fear in the Soviet Union, the Eliavas, after having been arrested two time times, were executed. Due to his death, the ties between the bacteriophage institute in the east and those of the west were cut. After d’Herelle’s death, the idea of bacteriophage was still not clearly defined. However, this problem did not leave to the decline in usage of bacteriophage; new medical discoveries were being brought about to prove to be more effective and cheaper such as the company Bayer making a new drug known as sulfanilamide. With increasing medical discoveries, more institutions began to lean towards these new discoveries which eventually led to the field of phage therapy to be forgotten. When the medical field abandoned the usage of bacteriophage, uses were found within other disciplines of science. Two men, Luria and Delbruck, who both found a passion for the integration of biology and physics, discovered the concept of using bacteriophage as a tool for studying genes which gave birth to the field of molecular biology. With the history of the coming up of bacteriophages, it is really interesting how a man with no higher education was able to test for the presence of particles that make up a vast portion of the biosphere. It was also interesting how scientists have integrated the use of bacteriophages within many disciplines of science.