b.) Characteristics of different waveforms

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Different Wave Form Characteristics: (Videos embedded below)

  • Sine
    • Sine waveforms are characterized by smooth, periodic oscillation, defined by amplitude, frequency, and phase, which determine its height, repetition rate, and starting point, respectively.
  • Square
    • Square waveforms are non-sinusoidal periodic waveforms that alternate between two voltage levels with sharp, almost instantaneous transitions, characterized by its constant amplitude and a 50% duty cycle.
  • Sawtooth
    • Sawtooth waveforms are characterized by their distinctive shape resembling the teeth of a saw. Sawtooth waveforms have linear ramps , sudden drops, and repetitive cycles.
  • Triangle
    • Triangle waveforms are characterized by a symmetrical, linear rise and fall in amplitude, resulting in a triangular shape when plotted against time, and they contain only odd harmonics with amplitudes that decrease rapidly with frequency.

d.) Lossless and lossy audio files and normalization

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Lossless Audio Files: are digital audio recordings that are compressed without discarding any of the original audio data, ensuring that playback sounds identical to the original source.

  • Examples:
    • FLAC
    • ALAC
    • WAV

Lossy Audio Files: are compressed audio formats that reduce file size by permanently discarding some audio data, resulting in a loss of audio quality compared to the original.

  • Examples:
    • MP3
    • AAC
    • WMA

How normalization is different than compression:

  • Normalization is different than compression because it adjusts data to bring it to a common scale or range, often within a specific boundary or distribution. Compression reduces the dynamic range of data, the difference between the loudest and quietest parts.